This situation changed drastically due to the Roman destruction of the Jewish commonwealth and the Second Temple in the year 70 and the consequent upheaval of Jewish social and legal norms. Rabbis expounded and debated the Torah (the written Torah expressed in the Hebrew Bible) and discussed the Tanakh without the benefit of written works (other than the Biblical books themselves), though some may have made private notes ( megillot setarim), for example, of court decisions. Originally, Jewish scholarship was oral and transferred from one generation to the next. History Īn early printing of the Talmud ( Ta'anit 9b) with commentary by Rashi Talmud translates as "instruction, learning", from the Semitic root LMD, meaning "teach, study". The Talmud is the basis for all codes of Jewish law and is widely quoted in rabbinic literature. It is written in Mishnaic Hebrew and Jewish Babylonian Aramaic and contains the teachings and opinions of thousands of rabbis (dating from before the Common Era through to the fifth century) on a variety of subjects, including halakha, Jewish ethics, philosophy, customs, history, and folklore, and many other topics. The entire Talmud consists of 63 tractates, and in the standard print, called the Vilna Shas, there are 2,711 double-sided folios. The term "Talmud" may refer to either the Gemara alone, or the Mishnah and Gemara together. 500 CE), an elucidation of the Mishnah and related Tannaitic writings that often ventures onto other subjects and expounds broadly on the Hebrew Bible. 200 CE), a written compendium of the Oral Torah and the Gemara ( גמרא, c. The Talmud has two components: the Mishnah ( משנה, c. It may also traditionally be called Shas ( ש״ס), a Hebrew abbreviation of shisha sedarim, or the "six orders" of the Mishnah. The term Talmud normally refers to the collection of writings named specifically the Babylonian Talmud ( Talmud Bavli), although there is also an earlier collection known as the Jerusalem Talmud ( Talmud Yerushalmi). Until the advent of modernity, in nearly all Jewish communities, the Talmud was the centerpiece of Jewish cultural life and was foundational to "all Jewish thought and aspirations", serving also as "the guide for the daily life" of Jews. The Talmud ( / ˈ t ɑː l m ʊ d, - m ə d, ˈ t æ l-/ Hebrew: תַּלְמוּד, romanized: Talmūḏ) is the central text of Rabbinic Judaism and the primary source of Jewish religious law ( halakha) and Jewish theology.
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